GHMJ (Global Health Management Journal)
type: channel
description: ISSN 2580-9296 (ONLINE) GHMJ (Global Health Management Journal) is an open-access, triannual, peer-reviewed, online journal with a strong emphasize on health and applied science in health. Authors are welcomed to submit original research paper, systematic review, best practice, perspectives, and photo essay in health-related topics to our journal. Registered since 19 June 2017 under the National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia , the journal is published by Yayasan Aliansi Cendekiawan Indonesia Thailand, also known as Indonesian Scholars' Alliance, based in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. To expand the user's engagement, the journal is indexed by Directory of Open Access Journal (DOAJ), Google Scholar, OCLC WorldCat, and Portal Garuda Indonesia Publication Index. The metadata is archived at the Index Copernicus International. The last publication is updated at JournalTOCs and Scilit (a comprehensive and open-access scholarly database developed and maintained by MDPI). All our published papers have been stored in Semantic Scholar and OpenAlex, significantly enhancing their visibility and citation potential through AI-driven discoverability. Everyone is invited to submit an article at any time (no deadline for submission). Once the article is editorially accepted, it will be published as Online First before inclusion in an issue. GHMJ does not receive articles via email. For more information regarding paper submission and publication policy, please visit our guidelines For Author in our website. We also invite scholars and practitioners to join us as peer review with criteria as stated in our For Peer Reviewers page. We are a member of Crossref, therefore, Authors of GHMJ (Global Health Management Journal) can claim their published articles at Base Search and connect it with their ORCID. Also, visit GHMJ's online catalogs from universities and librarian overseas. Authors may use this manuscript template when preparing their paper (check submission checkl…
publisher: Yayasan Aliansi Cendekiawan Indonesia Thailand (Indonesian Scholars' Alliance)
language: en
publication name: GHMJ (Global Health Management Journal)
issn: 2580-9296
copyright: GHMJ (Global Health Management Journal) conforms fully to The Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) and DOAJ Open Access Definition. Authors, readers, and reviewers are free to Share ” copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, and Adapt ” remix, transform, and build upon the material. Author(s) retain unrestricted copyrights and publishing rights of their work. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms. Learn the details at the License policy.
items: Entrepreneurship, Innovative Education, and Cross-Sector Collaboration as Catalyst for Sustainable Health System in Nigeria
items: Reviewer Acknowledgements and Highlights: Equity, Resilience, and the Human Dimensions of Health – GHMJ (Global Health Management Journal), Volume 9, Number 2, 2026
items: Data Without Dignity? A Critical Perspective on How Educational Assessment Systems Overlook the Financial and Safety Realities of Women Learners
items: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARG2) rs3856806 Gene Polymorphism as a Risk Factor for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
items: Correlation Between Cardiovascular Endurance and Changes in Blood Pressure in Employees of Universitas Swadaya Gunung Jati, Cirebon, Indonesia
items: Attributes Descriptions among the Medical Lecturers in Implementing the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) Based on the Onion Model Theory
items: In Silico Structural Analysis of Malaria - Associated Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Human Genes TLR4, ICAM1, and IL22
items: Climate Variability, Catastrophic Health Expenditure, and Non-Communicable Disease Outcomes in Nigeria
items: Psychoactive Substance Uses and Risky Sexual Behaviors among Street-Connected Children in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo: Prevalence and the Associated Factors

Entrepreneurship, Innovative Education, and Cross-Sector Collaboration as Catalyst for Sustainable Health System in Nigeria
type: item
description: Section: Review Categories: Health Education, Intervention, and Systems Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Innovative education, Cross-sector collaboration, Sustainable health, Health system Subjects: Nigerian Health System, health service delivery Disciplines: Educational Administration and Planning Background: The challenges of the health system are further exacerbated by the growing impacts of climate change, particularly in northern Nigeria. Climate change-related issues such as heat waves, flooding, and insurgency have worsened the burden of disease and highlighted vulnerabilities in health infrastructure and management structures. Aims: This study investigated entrepreneurship, innovative education, and cross-sector collaboration as catalysts for a sustainable health system in Nigeria. Methods: This study adopted a desk research design, sourcing data from Google Scholar, ERIC, JSTOR, Scopus, ResearchGate, and other websites. A total of 20 documents were identified and screened; 10 studies were finally selected because they were written in English, had a clear study purpose, were obtained from the identified sources, met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and were used for analysis. Results: The study revealed that entrepreneurship contributes to the sustainability of the Nigerian Health System. Entrepreneurship in healthcare is considered the ability to bridge gaps in health service delivery through market-driven innovations that promote efficiency and responsiveness. The study also found that innovative education influences the sustainability of the health system. The study revealed that cross-sector collaboration catalyses a sustainable health system in Nigeria by introducing market-driven innovation, business practices that enhance health system resilience, improving coordination, and addressing social determinants of health that fall outside the purview of the conventional health sector. Conclusion: Entrepreneurship, innovative education, and cross-sector coll…
subject: Review
  topic: section
subject: Health Education, Intervention, and Systems
  topic: category
subject: Entrepreneurship
  topic: keywords
subject: Innovative education
  topic: keywords
subject: Cross-sector collaboration
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable health
  topic: keywords
subject: Health system
  topic: keywords
subject: Nigerian Health System
  topic: subjects
subject: health service delivery
  topic: subjects
subject: Educational Administration and Planning
  topic: disciplines
creator: Isaac Msughter Peter
creator: Velisiwe Gasa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Isaac Msughter Peter, Prof. Velisiwe Gasa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-05-12
publication date: 2026-05-12
starting page: 131
ending page: 141
doi: 10.35898/ghmj-921329

Reviewer Acknowledgements and Highlights: Equity, Resilience, and the Human Dimensions of Health – GHMJ (Global Health Management Journal), Volume 9, Number 2, 2026
type: item
description: Section: Reviewer Acknowledgements Keywords: Reviewer Acknowledgements, GHMJ (Global Health Management Journal), Equity, Resilience, Human Dimensions of Health The Editorial Board gratefully acknowledges the reviewers who contributed their time, expertise, and careful judgment to the manuscripts published in the issue of the Global Health Management Journal (Vol. 9, No. 2, 2026). Many of the contributions in this issue share a common concern with the conditions that shape health opportunities and outcomes. Kpum and Gasa (2026) challenge educational systems to recognize the financial and safety realities faced by women learners, while Mboma et al. (2026) draw attention to the vulnerabilities experienced by street-connected children in Kinshasa. Beyond individual experiences, Ali and Makoni (2026) demonstrate how climate variability can intensify financial hardship and worsen health outcomes among households affected by non-communicable diseases, reinforcing the need for policies that respond to both social and environmental challenges. Looking ahead, Peter and Gasa (2026) highlight the potential of entrepreneurship, innovative education, and cross-sector collaboration in building more sustainable and resilient health systems. The recently completed publications from Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Swadaya Gunung Jati, processed under Special Edition commitment, represent new insights from biomedical and educational research. Genetic studies by Rizqulloh et al. (2026) and Soeroso et al. (2026) explore biological factors associated with diabetes and malaria, offering insights that may guide future research and disease prevention efforts. Within medical education, Maharani et al. (2026) examine the attributes of lecturers facilitating problem-based learning, emphasizing the continuing importance of student-centered approaches in preparing future health professionals. Completing the issue, Sanitaquin et al. (2026) explore cardiovascular endurance and blood pressure amon…
subject: Reviewer Acknowledgements
  topic: section
subject: Reviewer Acknowledgements
  topic: keywords
subject: GHMJ (Global Health Management Journal)
  topic: keywords
subject: Equity
  topic: keywords
subject: Resilience
  topic: keywords
subject: Human Dimensions of Health
  topic: keywords
creator: GHMJ (Global Health Management Journal)
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 GHMJ (Global Health Management Journal) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-03
publication date: 2026-06-03
starting page: 142
ending page: 143
doi: 10.35898/ghmj-921343

Data Without Dignity? A Critical Perspective on How Educational Assessment Systems Overlook the Financial and Safety Realities of Women Learners
type: item
description: Section: Perspectives Categories: Health Education, Intervention, and Systems, Women's, Nursing, and Midwifery Health, Mental Health and Well-being Keywords: Educational assessment, Gender equity, Feminist epistemology, Period poverty, Financial precarity Disciplines: Education and Behavioral Sciences, Educational Psychology Educational assessment systems worldwide claim objectivity and meritocracy, yet they systematically fail to account for the gendered realities that shape women learners' access, performance, and persistence. This perspective paper critically examines how contemporary assessment frameworks, despite increasing datafication and loud claims of evidence-based practice, overlook the financial precarity and safety vulnerabilities that disproportionately affect women and girls in educational settings. The analysis draws on a critical synthesis of peer-reviewed empirical studies across diverse contexts, including South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Europe, and North America, alongside policy documents from international organizations and recent large-scale quantitative and qualitative research. Assessment systems from primary through higher education are examined here. The paper is delimited to formal educational assessment contexts, standardized examinations, continuous assessment, and digital assessments, and focuses specifically on five categories of gendered barriers: period poverty, financial precarity, transportation and campus safety risks, intimate partner violence, and caregiving responsibilities. The analysis does not extend to informal assessment, workforce credentialing, or barriers arising from disability, though intersections with these are acknowledged where evidence permits. Through the lens of feminist epistemology, capability approach theory, and recent empirical evidence, the central argument holds that assessment systems function as technologies of inequality when they measure learning outcomes without acknowledging the material condition…
subject: Perspectives
  topic: section
subject: Health Education, Intervention, and Systems
  topic: category
subject: Women's, Nursing, and Midwifery Health
  topic: category
subject: Mental Health and Well-being
  topic: category
subject: Educational assessment
  topic: keywords
subject: Gender equity
  topic: keywords
subject: Feminist epistemology
  topic: keywords
subject: Period poverty
  topic: keywords
subject: Financial precarity
  topic: keywords
subject: Education and Behavioral Sciences
  topic: disciplines
subject: Educational Psychology
  topic: disciplines
creator: Moses Mhide Kpum
creator: Velisiwe Gasa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Moses Mhide Kpum, Prof. Velisiwe Gasa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-03-12
publication date: 2026-03-12
starting page: 59
ending page: 73
doi: 10.35898/ghmj-921306

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARG2) rs3856806 Gene Polymorphism as a Risk Factor for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
type: item
description: Section: Research Articles Categories: Applied science related to health development Keywords: PPARG2, rs3856806 Polymorphism, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Subjects: PPARG2, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, rs3856806 polymorphism Disciplines: Genetics Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a long-term metabolic illness brought on by either insufficient or inefficient insulin production by the pancreas. Worldwide, 537 million adults between the ages of 20 and 79 are thought to have DM. Genetics is one of the risk factors involved in the pathophysiology of type 2 DM. The gene encodes PPARG2 protein, a group of proteins that are part of the core receptor in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Among the two isoforms, PPARG2 is specific to adipose tissue and plays an important role in adipogenesis and mediating insulin sensitivity. Aims: This study aims to examine the PPARG2 rs3856806 gene polymorphism as a risk factor for the occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Cirebon population. Methods: This case-control study involved 30 cases of type 2 DM and 30 healthy controls. Data were obtained with blood sugar level test, DNA extraction, and PCR-RFLP with Eco72I restriction enzyme, followed by visualization of results using gel electrophoresis. Results: The C Allele frequency was higher in the case group (76.6%) while the T Allele frequency was higher in the control group (56.6%). The CT heterozygote genotype frequency was more common in the control group (86.7%) and the TT homozygous mutant genotype frequency was higher in the case group (3%) compared to the control group (0%). The results of the Chi-Square Test obtained a p-value of 0.001 with an OR value of 0.118 (CI95%=0.033-0.422). Conclusion: The PPARG2 rs3856806 polymorphism was significantly associated with lower odds of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the population of Cirebon, Indonesia, when analyzed under a dominant genetic model comparing T-allele carriers (CT + TT) to non-carriers (CC).
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Applied science related to health development
  topic: category
subject: PPARG2
  topic: keywords
subject: rs3856806 Polymorphism
  topic: keywords
subject: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
  topic: keywords
subject: PPARG2
  topic: subjects
subject: Type 2 diabetes mellitus
  topic: subjects
subject: rs3856806 polymorphism
  topic: subjects
subject: Genetics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Fauzaan Azhar Rizqulloh
creator: Donny Nauphar
creator: Tiar Masykuroh Pratamawati
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Fauzaan Azhar Rizqulloh, S.Ked., Donny Nauphar, M.Si.Med., dr. Tiar Masykuroh Pratamawati, MM., M.Biomed. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-03-24
publication date: 2026-03-24
starting page: 74
ending page: 81
doi: 10.35898/ghmj-921320

Correlation Between Cardiovascular Endurance and Changes in Blood Pressure in Employees of Universitas Swadaya Gunung Jati, Cirebon, Indonesia
type: item
description: Section: Research Articles Categories: Health Education, Intervention, and Systems Keywords: Cardiovascular endurance, Blood pressure, Hypertension Subjects: cardiovascular endurance, hypertension, blood pressure Disciplines: Basic Medical Science Background: Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels and depends on cardiac output and peripheral resistance. Blood pressure is influenced by various factors, one of which is cardiovascular endurance. Optimal cardiovascular endurance helps maintain blood pressure at normal levels, thereby decreasing the risk of high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. Aims: To determine cardiovascular endurance and blood pressure changes before and after performing the Harvard step test and to analyze the correlation between cardiovascular endurance and blood pressure changes in employees of Universitas Swadaya Gunung Jati, Cirebon, Indonesia. Methods: This study was a quantitative analytical observational type with a cross-sectional method involving 77 employees who are not registered as teaching lecturers who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. This study was conducted by collecting primary data in the form of blood pressure measurement, Harvard step test treatment and pulse rate measurement. The data was then analyzed statistically using a Spearman’s hypothesis test. Results: The majority of respondents were ≤40 years old (55.8%), male (64.9%), had a habit of smoking (55.8%), and abnormal HRR (83.1%). After conducting the Spearman test, p-value = 0.727; r = -0.041 for systolic and p-value = 0.314; r = -0.116 for diastolic. The correlation coefficient indicates a very weak negative correlation between cardiovascular endurance and blood pressure changes in employees of Universitas Swadaya Gunung Jati, Cirebon, Indonesia. Conclusion: There is no significant correlation between cardiovascular endurance and changes in blood pressure. Cardiovascular endurance showed a significant negative correla…
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Health Education, Intervention, and Systems
  topic: category
subject: Cardiovascular endurance
  topic: keywords
subject: Blood pressure
  topic: keywords
subject: Hypertension
  topic: keywords
subject: cardiovascular endurance
  topic: subjects
subject: hypertension
  topic: subjects
subject: blood pressure
  topic: subjects
subject: Basic Medical Science
  topic: disciplines
creator: Ajeng Sanitaquin
creator: Kati Sriwiyati
creator: Sherly Cancerita
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ajeng Sanitaquin, S.Ked., dr. Kati Sriwiyati, M.Biomed, dr. Sherly Cancerita, M.Ked (Cardio), Sp. JP, FIHA http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-03-25
publication date: 2026-03-25
starting page: 82
ending page: 89
doi: 10.35898/ghmj-921322

Attributes Descriptions among the Medical Lecturers in Implementing the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) Based on the Onion Model Theory
type: item
description: Section: Research Articles Categories: Health Education, Intervention, and Systems Keywords: Problem-Based Learning, Student-Centred Learning, Lecturer Attributes, Onion Model Theory Subjects: PBL, Student-Centred, Lecturer Attributes, Onion Model Disciplines: Medical Education Background: Lecturer attributes influence how Problem-Based Learning (PBL) is facilitated. However, the descriptive profile of lecturer attributes based on the Onion Model has not been previously documented at Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Swadaya Gunung Jati, Cirebon, Indonesia. Understanding these attributes is important to inform faculty development, reflective practice, and curriculum quality improvement. Aims: To describe the attributes of medical lecturers in implementing the PBL based on the Onion Model framework. Methods: This descriptive observational study involved 58 medical lecturers who serve as PBL tutors with varying teaching experience. Participants were selected using purposive sampling and completed the Student-Centred Perspectives on Teaching (SCPT) questionnaire. Responses were measured using a 4-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 4 = strongly agree). Mean scores above 3 indicate high alignment with student-centred teaching attributes. Data were analysed using univariate descriptive statistics. Results: All Onion Model aspects demonstrated mean scores above 3, indicating generally positive lecturer attributes toward student-centred PBL. The highest mean score was observed in the Belief aspect (3.70), followed by Behaviour and Mission (3.67), Competence (3.56), Environment (3.54), and Identity (3.53). Conclusion: This study provides a descriptive profile of lecturer attributes in PBL implementation. The findings indicate that lecturers generally report student-centred teaching attributes across Onion Model domains. These findings describe lecturer characteristics and do not indicate effectiveness or causal impact on learning outcomes.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Health Education, Intervention, and Systems
  topic: category
subject: Problem-Based Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Student-Centred Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Lecturer Attributes
  topic: keywords
subject: Onion Model Theory
  topic: keywords
subject: PBL
  topic: subjects
subject: Student-Centred
  topic: subjects
subject: Lecturer Attributes
  topic: subjects
subject: Onion Model
  topic: subjects
subject: Medical Education
  topic: disciplines
creator: Alya Maharani
creator: Vivi Meidianawaty
creator: Tissa Octavira Permatasari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Alya Maharani, S.Ked, dr. Vivi Meidianawaty, M.Med.Ed, dr. Tissa Octavira Permatasari, M.Med.Ed http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-23
publication date: 2026-04-23
starting page: 90
ending page: 96
doi: 10.35898/ghmj-921326

In Silico Structural Analysis of Malaria - Associated Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Human Genes TLR4, ICAM1, and IL22
type: item
description: Section: Research Articles Categories: Applied science related to health development Keywords: Genomic Variant, In Silico, Host, Malaria, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) Subjects: Clinical variant, in silico, Malaria, SNPs Host Disciplines: Molecular biology, Genetics, Genomics Background Indonesia’s ethnic heterogeneity contributes to substantial human genetic diversity, including variation in genes associated with malaria susceptibility and severity. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in host genes encoding immune receptors and adhesion molecules may influence malaria pathogenesis by modulating inflammatory signaling and parasite–host cell interactions. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the potential structural and functional impact of selected malaria-associated SNPs in human genes using a systematic in silico approach. Methods: A literature-guided and database-driven screening (dbSNP and UniProt) was used to identify relevant SNPs previously reported to be associated with malaria infection and/or the severity of infection. Inclusion criteria were: (1) localization within coding regions, (2) prior evidence of clinical relevance, (3) resulting in a nonsynonymous amino acid substitution, and (4) annotated with a reference SNP ID (rsID). Selected SNPs were subjected to protein structural modelling. Native and mutant protein structures were compared using PyMOL, conformational changes and differences were quantified using Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD). Results: A total of 38 SNPs in TLR4, ICAM1, and IL-22 gene with reported clinical relevance to infection were identified, of which 6 SNPs (TLR4: n=2; ICAM1: n=3; IL-22: n=1) met all inclusion criteria for malaria-associated variants. Five selected SNPs were located in coding regions and resulted in amino acid substitutions, several of which involved changes in residue polarity, whereas one SNPs was located in non-coding region. Structural comparison showed detectable but minimal conformational differenc…
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Applied science related to health development
  topic: category
subject: Genomic Variant
  topic: keywords
subject: In Silico
  topic: keywords
subject: Host
  topic: keywords
subject: Malaria
  topic: keywords
subject: Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)
  topic: keywords
subject: Clinical variant
  topic: subjects
subject: in silico
  topic: subjects
subject: Malaria
  topic: subjects
subject: SNPs Host
  topic: subjects
subject: Molecular biology
  topic: disciplines
subject: Genetics
  topic: disciplines
subject: Genomics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Venty Muliana Sari Soeroso
creator: Agri Lesmana
creator: Alfa Januar Krista
creator: Arief Budi Witarto
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 dr. Venty Muliana Sari Soeroso, M.Si.Med., M.Sc., Agri Lesmana, S.Ked., dr. Alfa Januar Krista, M.Kes,Sp.OT, FICS, AIFO-K., Dr. Arief Budi Witarto B.Eng., M.Eng. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-28
publication date: 2026-04-28
starting page: 97
ending page: 108
doi: 10.35898/ghmj-921323

Climate Variability, Catastrophic Health Expenditure, and Non-Communicable Disease Outcomes in Nigeria
type: item
description: Section: Research Articles Categories: Epidemiology, Nutrition, Health Behavior, and Public Health, Environmental, Occupational Health and Safety Keywords: Catastrophic Health Expenditure, Climate Variability, Non-Communicable Diseases, Health Financing, Nigeria Subjects: I15, I18, Q54, O55 Disciplines: Health and Economic Development, Climate; Natural Disasters; Global Warming, Environment and Development; Sustainability Background: The challenges posed by climate change and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are among the most pressing but least explored areas in health economics. Aims: This study examines the impact of climate shocks, non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) in a single micro-econometric model. Methods: The study estimates probit, logit, IV-probit, fixed-effects logit, and IV-2SLS models with temperature anomalies instrumented using the values of the ENSO Oceanic Niño Index to overcome the endogeneity problem, using a harmonized panel of 22,110 households in three waves of the Nigeria General Household Survey-Panel (2010/11, 2012/13 and 2015/16). Results: A 1 °C rise in temperature increases the likelihood of CHE by 4.3-6.1 percentage points and flood vulnerability by 7.1-8.3% points. Across the population affected by non-communicable diseases (NCDs), climate stressors increase the Propensity to experience catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) by approximately 9.4%. Climate variables account for 31.3% of the CHE inequality, with temperature alone explaining 13.6% of the index, and they have a disproportionate impact on poorer households. Instrumental variable projections suggest that an additional 1.9-2.7 million households could experience catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) by 2030 under continued warming trends. Conclusion: Health financing vulnerability in Nigeria is also a function of uneven climate variability, which requires increased health insurance, an enhanced NCD response, and climate-sensitive socia…
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Epidemiology, Nutrition, Health Behavior, and Public Health
  topic: category
subject: Environmental, Occupational Health and Safety
  topic: category
subject: Catastrophic Health Expenditure
  topic: keywords
subject: Climate Variability
  topic: keywords
subject: Non-Communicable Diseases
  topic: keywords
subject: Health Financing
  topic: keywords
subject: Nigeria
  topic: keywords
subject: I15, I18, Q54, O55
  topic: subjects
subject: Health and Economic Development
  topic: disciplines
subject: Climate; Natural Disasters; Global Warming
  topic: disciplines
subject: Environment and Development; Sustainability
  topic: disciplines
creator: Jude Igyo Ali
creator: Patricia Lindelwa Makoni
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jude Igyo Ali, Ph.D.; Prof. Patricia Lindelwa Makoni http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-28
publication date: 2026-04-28
starting page: 109
ending page: 121
doi: 10.35898/ghmj-921328

Psychoactive Substance Uses and Risky Sexual Behaviors among Street-Connected Children in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo: Prevalence and the Associated Factors
type: item
description: Section: Research Articles Categories: Health Promotion for Children, Youth, and Families, Epidemiology, Nutrition, Health Behavior, and Public Health Keywords: Psychoactive substances, Risky sexual behavior, Street-connected children, HIV risk, Democratic Republic of Congo Subjects: Use of psychoactive substances and risky sexual behaviors among street children in Kinshasa: challenges for the fight against HIV/AIDS Disciplines: Applied Health, Community Health Background: The street-connected children in Kinshasa endure very precarious living conditions and are exposed to a very high risk of violence, substance use, and risky sexual behaviors. In this population, the use of psychoactive substances (PAS) is a key determining vulnerability to HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Aims: This study sought to ascertain the prevalence of psychoactive substance use and identify the associated factors related with risky sexual behaviors among street-connected children aged 10-24 years in Kinshasa. The dependent variables encompassed risky sexual practices, including the ingestion of psychoactive substances (PAS). Substance use disorders, age, gender, education level, and exercise performed are among the independent variables. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was executed from June and December 2024 with 425 street-connected children selected using snowball sampling. Data were gathered through a standardized questionnaire. We used descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression analysis to find factors that were related (p < 0.2). Results: An extremely high percentage of people used drugs, alcohol, and tobacco: 85.9 % for tobacco, 79.9 % for alcohol, and 32.5 % for drugs. The average age at which people started drinking alcohol was 11 ± 3 years, and the average age at which they started smoking tobacco was 12 ± 3 years. The average age at which girls and boys first had sex was 14 ± 4 years and 13 ± 2 years, respectively. Almost all of …
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Health Promotion for Children, Youth, and Families
  topic: category
subject: Epidemiology, Nutrition, Health Behavior, and Public Health
  topic: category
subject: Psychoactive substances
  topic: keywords
subject: Risky sexual behavior
  topic: keywords
subject: Street-connected children
  topic: keywords
subject: HIV risk
  topic: keywords
subject: Democratic Republic of Congo
  topic: keywords
subject: Use of psychoactive substances and risky sexual behaviors among street children in Kinshasa: challenges for the fight against HIV/AIDS
  topic: subjects
subject: Applied Health
  topic: disciplines
subject: Community Health
  topic: disciplines
creator: Rodriguez Kambamba Mboma
creator: Reagan Moluantuan Ndwaya
creator: Dan Nkelenda Mulumba
creator: Rodrigue Kumbu Khonde
creator: Joseph Wamu Oyombo
creator: Dieudonné Mukendi Mpunga
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rodriguez Kambamba Mboma, MD, MPH., Reagan Moluantuan Ndwaya, MD, MPH., Dan Nkelenda Mulumba, MD, MPH., Rodrigue Kumbu Khonde, MD, MPH., Joseph Wamu Oyombo, MD, MPH., Dieudonné Mukendi Mpunga, MD, MPH, PhD. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-05-07
publication date: 2026-05-07
starting page: 122
ending page: 130
doi: 10.35898/ghmj-921321