ISSN 2580-9296 (ONLINE) GHMJ (Global Health Management Journal) is an open-access, triannual, peer-reviewed, online journal with a strong emphasize on health and applied science in health. Authors are welcomed to submit original research paper, systematic review, best practice, perspectives, and photo essay in health-related topics to our journal. Registered since 19 June 2017 under the National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia , the journal is published by Yayasan Aliansi Cendekiawan Indonesia Thailand, also known as Indonesian Scholars' Alliance, based in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. To expand the user's engagement, the journal is indexed by Directory of Open Access Journal (DOAJ), Google Scholar, OCLC WorldCat, and Portal Garuda Indonesia Publication Index. The metadata is archived at the Index Copernicus International. The last publication is updated at JournalTOCs and Scilit (a comprehensive and open-access scholarly database developed and maintained by MDPI). All our published papers have been stored in Semantic Scholar and OpenAlex, significantly enhancing their visibility and citation potential through AI-driven discoverability. Everyone is invited to submit an article at any time (no deadline for submission). Once the article is editorially accepted, it will be published as Online First before inclusion in an issue. GHMJ does not receive articles via email. For more information regarding paper submission and publication policy, please visit our guidelines For Author in our website. We also invite scholars and practitioners to join us as peer review with criteria as stated in our For Peer Reviewers page. We are a member of Crossref, therefore, Authors of GHMJ (Global Health Management Journal) can claim their published articles at Base Search and connect it with their ORCID. Also, visit GHMJ's online catalogs from universities and librarian overseas. Authors may use this manuscript template when preparing their paper (check submission checklist). ------------------------------------------------------------- The Global Health Management Journal (GHMJ) welcome high-quality, original research articles, reviews, photo essays, and case studies that contribute to advancements in the following categories: Health Promotion for Children, Youth, and Families, Health Services, Media, Management, and Policy, Health Education, Intervention, and Systems, Epidemiology, Nutrition, Health Behavior, and Public Health, Women's, Nursing, and Midwifery Health, Mental Health and Well-being, Environmental, Occupational Health, and Safety, Applied Science Related to Health Development, Medical Technology and Applications. The Global Health Management Journal (GHMJ) does not receive articles via email, but only through the OJS System. For more information regarding paper submission and publication policy, please visit our guidelines For Author in our website. We also invite scholars and practitioners to join us as peer review with criteria as stated in our For Peer Reviewers page. As 10 January - 3 March 2026 (Updated on doi.org/10.35898/ghmj-911331) Acceptance Rate : 49 % Days to First Editorial Decision : 5 days Days to accept : 56 days ================================================================ VOL. 9, NO. 2 (2026): ONLINE FIRST This Online First edition is featuring selected and double-blind peer-reviewed papers for the upcoming edition of Global Health Management Journal : Vol. 9, No. 2 (2026). Everyone is invited to submit an article at any time (no deadline for submission). Once the article is editorially accepted, it will be published as Online First before inclusion in an issue. PERSPECTIVES Data Without Dignity? A Critical Perspective on How Educational Assessment Systems Overlook the Financial and Safety Realities of Women Learners Dr. Moses Mhide Kpum, & Prof. Velisiwe Gasa RESEARCH ARTICLES Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARG2) rs3856806 Gene Polymorphism as a Risk Factor for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Fauzaan Azhar Rizqulloh, S.Ked., Donny Nauphar, M.Si.Med., & dr. Tiar Masykuroh Pratamawati, MM., M.Biomed. Correlation Between Cardiovascular Endurance and Changes in Blood Pressure in Employees of Universitas Swadaya Gunung Jati, Cirebon, Indonesia Ajeng Sanitaquin, S.Ked., dr. Kati Sriwiyati, M.Biomed, & dr. Sherly Cancerita, M.Ked (Cardio), Sp. JP, FIHA. Attributes Descriptions among the Medical Lecturers in Implementing the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) Based on the Onion Model Theory Alya Maharani, S.Ked, dr. Vivi Meidianawaty, M.Med.Ed, & dr. Tissa Octavira Permatasari, M.Med.Ed In Silico Structural Analysis of Malaria - Associated Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Human Genes TLR4, ICAM1, and IL22 dr. Venty Muliana Sari Soeroso, M.Si.Med., M.Sc., Agri Lesmana, S.Ked., dr. Alfa Januar Krista, M.Kes,Sp.OT, FICS, AIFO-K., & Dr. Arief Budi Witarto B.Eng., M.Eng. Climate Variability, Catastrophic Health Expenditure, and Non-Communicable Disease Outcomes in Nigeria Jude Igyo Ali, Ph.D., & Prof. Patricia Lindelwa Makoni Psychoactive Substance Uses and Risky Sexual Behaviors among Street-Connected Children in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo: Prevalence and the Associated Factors Rodriguez Kambamba Mboma, MD, MPH., Reagan Moluantuan Ndwaya, MD, MPH., Dan Nkelenda Mulumba, MD, MPH., Rodrigue Kumbu Khonde, MD, MPH., Joseph Wamu Oyombo, MD, MPH., Dieudonné Mukendi Mpunga, MD, MPH, PhD. REVIEW Entrepreneurship, Innovative Education, and Cross-Sector Collaboration as Catalyst for Sustainable Health System in Nigeria Dr. Isaac Msughter Peter, & Prof. Velisiwe Gasa
Yayasan Aliansi Cendekiawan Indonesia Thailand (Indonesian Scholars' Alliance)
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Stronger at Every Age: Together Against Non-Communicable Diseases
Section: Guest Editorial Categories: Epidemiology, Nutrition, Health Behavior, and Public Health Subjects: Non-communicable diseases, Health education, Breastfeeding, Developmental Origins of Health and Disease. Disciplines: Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Research, Public Health Lifelong health is profoundly shaped by our earliest environments. The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) framework demonstrates how health, nutrition and nurture from preconception through adolescence determine the trajectory of wellbeing and the risk of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in adulthood. Africa offers a unique lens for examining how nations can intervene early to curb the future burden of NCDs. Across Africa, this understanding arrives at a critical juncture. As the continent faces a rising tide of NCDs, its children, adolescents, and families still hold the power to reshape their lifelong health destinies. Amid rapidly changing social and nutritional landscapes, schools emerge as pivotal platforms for prevention amongst other strategies involving health systems and innovative technologies. Embedding DOHaD principles into school-based health education, by emphasizing optimal nutrition, informed parenting, and the life-long benefits of breastfeeding can equip young people with the knowledge and agency to protect their own health and that of future generations. By translating scientific evidence into culturally grounded, community-driven action, we can cultivate health-literate, resilient societies that thrive free from preventable diseases. Investing in early-life interventions and multisectoral partnerships transforms the fight against NCDs from a reactive struggle to a collective opportunity for health, equity, and sustainable development to ensure that every generation grows stronger at every age united against the lifelong shadow of NCDs.
Epidemiology, Nutrition, Health Behavior, and Public Health
Developmental Origins of Health and Disease.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ajeigbe Olufunke Florence (PhD), Hawawu Hussein (PhD), Doegah Phidelia Theresa (Ph.D.), Andrew Matchado (MBBS, PhD), Twaambo Euphemia Hamoonga (PhD) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Global Health Innovation: Reaching New Heights in Nepal
Section: Photo Essay Categories: Health Promotion for Children, Youth, and Families, Health Education, Intervention, and Systems, Mental Health and Well-being Keywords: Cataract, Child marriage, Farming, Global warming, Open Schools The role of charities and other non-governmental organizations is to address social, humanitarian, and environmental issues by providing services, advocating for change and mobilizing communities. The purpose of Rose Charities Canada is to help people around the world to overcome poverty through education, community support and healthcare. Listening to communities and collaborating with them to find solutions to the problems they identify is the core process, and this requires strong leadership, the dedication of local staff and industrious volunteers. Innovative projects and partnerships in healthcare, education and community support are central to the mission of effective charities. The value of international meetings in this context is that ‘what works and why’ can be shared and the lessons learned translated to benefit other communities. A recent international meeting in Kathmandu highlighted how Nepal is taking global health innovation to new heights.
Health Promotion for Children, Youth, and Families
Health Education, Intervention, and Systems
Copyright (c) 2026 Sarala Adhikari, BN, MHCN., Sakar Subedi, BS., William N Grut, MSc., PhD., Prof. Andrew John Macnab http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Availability of Fresh Fish Stall Business to Meet Nutritional Needs for Health: A Case Study in Sebulu District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, Indonesia
Section: Best Practice Categories: Health Services, Media, Management, and Policy Keywords: Business, Fresh fish, Profitability Background: A profitability analysis is crucial for assessing a business’s ability to generate profit hence, business actors need to respond and make the increase in managing their businesses. If their business is survived they may to meet nutritional needs of the community besides significantly contribute to increasing family income. Aims: To analyze the profitability of a fresh fish stall business. Methods: Data collection of research was in July-September 2025, in Sebulu District, Kutai Karatenagara Regency. Samples as respondents were obtained using the purposive sampling method, specifically four respondents, considering that they have the largest businesses with five and more than 5 years, and operate continuously. They are the fresh fish stall traders. To analyze profitability, calculations of Net Profit Margin (NPM), Return on Investment (RoI), Payback Period (PP), and business efficiency (RCR or Benefit Cost Ratio) were used. Results: The findings reveal that the business achieved a profitability rate of 19.10% for NPM, 29.2% for ROI, and a payback period of 0.59 years. Conclusion: The fresh fish stall business generates a relatively good profit and has the potential to sustain its operations to meet nutritional needs for health. Furthermore, the business efficiency analysis indicates an R/C ratio value of 1.24, signifying that the business is efficient, as an R/C ratio value greater than 1 denotes efficiency.
Health Services, Media, Management, and Policy
Copyright (c) 2026 Gusti Haqiqiansyah, S.P, M.Si, Muhamad Syafril, S.Pi, M.Si, Handayani Boa, S.Pi, M.Si. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Fast Food Consumption Habits in Students: A Correlational Study
Section: Research Articles Categories: Epidemiology, Nutrition, Health Behavior, and Public Health Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Fast Food Consumption Habits Subjects: Knowledge, Attitude, Fast Food Consumption Habits Disciplines: Public health, health promotion Background: Fast food consumption among high school adolescents is higher due to limited knowledge about nutritious food, so they have a positive attitude towards fast food. This makes it important to research how to reduce the craze for fast food through education for teenagers. Aims: To identify whether there is a relationship between knowledge and attitudes with fast food consumption habits in SMPN 8 Palangka Raya students. Methods: The research design used was correlation analysis with a cross-sectional approach, and the study population was all students of SMPN 8 Palangka Raya. The number of respondents was 100 students with a simple random sampling technique. The research instrument used a knowledge and attitude questionnaire, and the data that had been collected were analyzed using the chi-square test. Results: The majority of students' knowledge in consuming fast food has good knowledge (71%) and the attitude of students in consuming fast food is mostly positive (97%). Based on Chi Square analysis, there is a no significant relationship between knowledge and attitudes about the habit of consuming fast food (ρ value > 0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study show that there is no relationship between knowledge and eating habits because knowledge is an internal factor and there are still many external factors that influence the selection of food and food consumption habits of each individual in determining and choosing food and consuming it which will shape behavior patterns and eating habits. Future research could use a qualitative approach to further explore external factors influencing fast food consumption habits, such as peer influence, advertising, and family habits. Furthermore, intervention studies involving school-based nutrition education, media campaigns, and parental and community involvement could be conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a multidimensional approach in changing fast food consumption habits in adolescents.
Knowledge, Attitude, Fast Food Consumption Habits
Copyright (c) 2026 Reny Sulistyowati, S.Kep., Ns., M.Kep., Ns. Agnes Dewi Astuti, M.Kep, Sp.Kep.Kom., Rikiy, S.Kep., Ns., MPH, Ns. Yuyun Christyanni, S.Kep., M.Kep., Dr. Nang Randu Utama, S.Pd., MA, Ns. Christine Aden, M.Kep.,Sp.Kep.Mat, Mars Khendra Kusfriyadi, STP., MPH, Ns. Dedi Cahyo Nusantoro, S.Kep., Melie, Str.Kep http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Rethinking Youth Resilience in Africa: The Untapped Role of Intergenerational Care and Indigenous Support Systems in Community Health
Section: Perspectives Categories: Health Promotion for Children, Youth, and Families, Health Education, Intervention, and Systems Keywords: Youth resilience, Indigenous knowledge systems, Community health, African epistemologies, Decolonial theory Subjects: indigenous knowledge systems, community health, African epistemologies Disciplines: Sociology of Education, Inclusive Education, Distance Learning Background: Global health narratives on youth resilience predominantly reflect Western-centric models emphasizing individual agency and nuclear family structures, marginalizing the intergenerational care networks and indigenous knowledge systems central to African societies. Objective: This conceptual paper critically examines the limitations of Western resilience frameworks in African contexts and proposes a reconceptualization grounding youth resilience in indigenous epistemologies, particularly Ubuntu philosophy and intergenerational care practices. Methods: Drawing on decolonial theory, African-centered psychology, and community resilience literature, we synthesize evidence from ethnographic studies, program evaluations, and regional health data across sub-Saharan Africa to demonstrate the efficacy of culturally grounded approaches. Results: Indigenous support systems, including grandparent-headed households, traditional healing practices, and community-based care networks, constitute tested resilience mechanisms that have sustained African youth through adversity yet remain systematically undervalued. Successful integration models from South Africa, Senegal, and Uganda demonstrate superior outcomes when indigenous wisdom informs youth development programming. Conclusion: Repositioning intergenerational care and indigenous knowledge from peripheral supplements to foundational pillars requires substantial policy reform, culturally appropriate research methodologies, and deliberate decolonization of health and social service systems across Africa.
Copyright (c) 2026 Prof. Velisiwe Gasa, Dr. Moses Mhide Kpum http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Reviewer Acknowledgements and Highlights: Health at Every Stage - GHMJ (Global Health Management Journal), Volume 9, Number 1, 2026
Section: Reviewer Acknowledgements Keywords: Reviewer Acknowledgements, GHMJ (Global Health Management Journal) The Editorial Board would like to extend its sincere appreciation to the reviewers who contributed their time and scholarly expertise to the issue of the Global Health Management Journal (Vol. 9, No. 1, 2026). This issue begins with a timely reminder that tackling non-communicable diseases demands shared responsibility and sustained care at every stage of life (Ajeigbe et al., 2026). Innovation runs alongside this theme, from fresh ways to raise awareness of sexual and gender-related violence to powerful images of health initiatives reaching remote communities in Nepal (Besigye et al., 2026; Adhikari et al., 2026). This issue also deeply explores the structural and behavioral determinants of health; from a correlational study on fast food consumption that shaping future health risks (Sulistyowati et al., 2026), to a compelling examination of child marriage reframes with profound global health implications (Macnab, 2026). Moreover, the research articles extend these discussions into behavioral, social, and biomedical domains. Alongside a thoughtful perspective that reexamines youth resilience in Africa through intergenerational care and indigenous support systems (Gasa & Kpum, 2026), the issue raises a best practice study on fresh fish stall businesses supporting nutritional health in Indonesia (Haqiqiansyah et al., 2026). Finally, a laboratory-based research on the antibacterial activity of Muntingia calabura leaf extract reflects the continued importance of scientific inquiry in addressing infectious threats (Fadilah et al., 2026). Link to download: https://publications.inschool.id/index.php/ghmj/issue/view/GHMJ.09.01 Editor-in-chief Prof. Andrew John Macnab Managing Editors Doni Marisi Sinaga, M.Sc. Kukuh Madyaningrana, M.Biotech. Ph.D. Journal Managers Suyitno, M.PHM Maretalinia, M.A External Reviewers Prof. Duncan Greenlaw, Ph.D. (Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Canada) Ahmad Said, M.Sc. (Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Cipasung, Indonesia) Esti Krismiyatun, S.Kep.,Ns.,M.Kep.,FISQua (RSUD dr. Doris Sylvanus Palangka Raya, Indonesia) Ficky Adi Kurniawan, S.Pd., M.M.B (Pujiono Centre Yogyakarta, Indonesia) Ns. Ayut Merdikawati, S.Kep., M.Kep. (Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia) Dr. Erwan Sulistianto, S.Pi, M.Si. (Universitas Mulawarman, Indonesia) Dr. Agi Christiana Ikpoyi (Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Nigeria) Supim Wongtongtair, Ph.D. (Srinakharinwirot University, Thailand) As a token of appreciation for the ongoing service to the journal, Perspective and Guest Editorial submission following the ongoing Special Edition will not be subject to any publication fee for one submission per year. We delightedly invite experts to collaborate with us to benefit on our Editorial Board. Acceptance Rate : 49 % Days to First Editorial Decision : 5 days Days to accept : 56 days Published: 03 March 2026.
Copyright (c) 2026 GHMJ (Global Health Management Journal) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Innovations for Increasing Awareness of Sexual and Gender-Related Violence
Section: Guest Editorial Categories: Health Promotion for Children, Youth, and Families Keywords: Child marriage, Gender equality, Health promotion, School-based programs, Social empowerment Subjects: Gender, gender equity, sexual and gender related violence against girls Disciplines: Primary Care Sexual and gender-related violence against girls and women (SGRV) has been described as “a dark stain on the fabric of life” and is rightly regarded as the most pervasive breach of human rights. While the incidence of SGRV documented by individual countries varies, the overall prevalence is unacceptably high as 1 in 3 women worldwide report suffering gender-based violence in their lifetime. Consequently, all healthcare providers and educators have a responsibility to include gender respect in the care they provide, and to raise awareness of the burden of gender-related violence in their health promotion. The World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations International Children’s Fund (UNICEF) continue to call for novel approaches to increase awareness of SGRV globally, empower societies and reduce the burden of gender-related violence; the United Nations (UN) sustainable development goals also include SGRV as a target for change. The literature now includes evidence of the value of several innovative approaches that use culturally-based initiatives and the impact of music and song. These forms of health promotion are examples that we as global health providers can employ. They have particular relevance where initiatives are aimed at engaging young people and for programs delivered in a school setting, but older folk can contribute through folk tales and traditional dramas, as these continue to provide a rich foundation for traditional communication on intricate topics. We all have a responsibility to do more to counter SGRV; ideally in so doing this will contribute further to the innovative evidence-based approaches WHO, UNICEF and the UN continue to call for.
sexual and gender related violence against girls
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Innocent Besigye, Dr. Anna Kabona, Dr. Brenda Tusubira http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Child Marriage: Girls Marrying Too Young is a Human Rights Issue that Demands Global Attention
Section: Research Articles Categories: Health Promotion for Children, Youth, and Families, Health Education, Intervention, and Systems Keywords: Education, Community engagement, Mental health, Peer support, School-based programs Subjects: New Heights in Nepal All girls have the right to grow up free of gender-related violence and to be able to benefit from being educated. Investing in the education of girls is recognized to be one of the best investments a country can make because of the health, social, and economic benefits that accrue, not just for the educated young woman but for broader society. Problematically, child marriage is still commonplace globally, and in addition to being a human rights issue, girls being made to marry too young robs them of their childhood and also of the ability to benefit fully from their education. The negative effects of marrying too young can impact whole lifetimes; common consequences include pregnancy complications, the risk of spousal violence, and significant mental health issues. UNICEF and the WHO have called for action to reduce child marriage by providing adolescent girls with life skills training, comprehensive sexual health education, and support to stay in school, in addition to working at a community level to change attitudes that potentiate the cultural beliefs that potentiate the custom. As global health advocates, we need to recognize child marriage as a fundamental human rights issue that demands global attention, and look for ways to contribute to the support and empowerment of girls who are at risk.
Copyright (c) 2026 Prof. Andrew John Macnab http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Antibacterial Activity Test using Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Kersen Leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) against the Staphylococcus aureus
Section: Research Articles Categories: Applied science related to health development Keywords: Ethyl acetate fraction, Muntingia calabura L., Staphylococcus aureus Subjects: Ethyl acetate fraction, Muntingia calabura L., Staphylococcus aureus Disciplines: Microbiology, Pharmacology, Biokimia Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of skin and soft tissue infections (pyoderma) and has developed resistance to multiple antibiotics. Kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) leaves contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, tannins, and saponins, which have been reported to possess antibacterial properties. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of the ethyl acetate fraction of M. calabura leaves against S. aureus. Methods: An experimental study with a post-test-only control group design was conducted. Phytochemical screening was performed to identify the secondary metabolites present in the fraction. Antibacterial testing was done using the well diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton Agar (MHA). Five treatment groups (ethyl acetate fractions at concentrations of 100%, 60%, 20%, 10%, and 1%) were compared to a negative control (10% DMSO) and a positive control (doxycycline). Inhibition zones were measured manually in millimeters and analyzed using one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). Results: The ethyl acetate fraction demonstrated a concentration-dependent antibacterial effect. Mean ± SD inhibition zones were 17.20 ± 1.92 mm (100%), 12.94 ± 1.13 mm (60%), 7.99 ± 0.70 mm (20%), 7.34 ± 0.35 mm (10%), and 6.71 ± 0.85 mm (1%). The positive control showed a significantly higher inhibition zone (33.82 ± 1.62 mm), while the negative control showed no inhibition. Phytochemical screening of the kersen leaf ethyl acetate fraction includes tannins, saponins, steroids, triterpenoids, and phenolics. Conclusion: The ethyl acetate fraction of M. calabura leaves exhibited antibacterial activity against S. aureus. These findings support its potential development as a plant-based antibacterial agent, although further in vivo studies are needed.
Applied science related to health development
Ethyl acetate fraction, Muntingia calabura L., Staphylococcus aureus
Copyright (c) 2026 Mutiara Fadilah, S.Ked., Mustika Weni, S.Si., M.Si, Apt. Sri Marfuati, M.Farm. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0